What Is an Invoice? It's Parts and Why They Are Important

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Natalya Yashina is a CPA, DASM with over 12 years of experience in accounting including public accounting, financial reporting, and accounting policies.

1. Accounting Explained With Brief History and Modern Job Requirements
2. Accounting Equation
3. Asset
4. Liability
5. Equity
6. Revenue
7. Expense
8. Current and Noncurrent Assets

Accounting Theories and Concepts

1. Accounting Theory
2. Accounting Principles
3. Accounting Standard
4. Accounting Convention
5. Accounting Policies
6. Principles-Based vs. Rules-Based Accounting

Accounting Methods: Accrual vs. Cash

1. Accounting Method
2. Accrual Accounting
3. Cash Accounting
4. Accrual Accounting vs. Cash Basis Accounting

Accounting Oversight and Regulations

1. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
2. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
3. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
4. IFRS vs. GAAP
5. US Accounting vs. International Accounting

1. Understanding the Cash Flow Statement
2. Breaking Down The Balance Sheet
3. Understanding the Income Statement

1. Accountant
2. Financial Accounting
3. Financial Accounting and Decision-Making
4. Corporate Finance
5. Financial vs. Managerial Accounting
6. Cost Accounting

Public Accounting: Financial Audit and Taxation

1. Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
2. Chartered Accountant (CA)
3. Accountant vs. Financial Planner
4. Auditor
5. Audit
6. Tax Accounting
7. Forensic Accounting

Accounting Systems and Record Keeping

1. Chart of Accounts (COA)
2. Journal
3. Double Entry
4. Debit
5. Credit
6. Closing Entry
7. Invoice

Accounting for Inventory

1. Inventory Accounting
2. Last In, First Out (LIFO)
3. First In, First Out (FIFO)
4. Average Cost Method

What Is an Invoice?

An invoice is a time-stamped commercial document that itemizes and records a transaction between a buyer and a seller. If goods or services were purchased on credit, the invoice usually specifies the terms of the deal and provides information on the available payment methods.

Types of invoices may include a paper receipt, a bill of sale, a debit note, a sales invoice, or an online electronic record.

Key Takeaways

• An invoice is a document that maintains a record of a transaction between a buyer and seller, such as a paper receipt from a store or an online record from an e-tailer.
• Invoices are a critical element of accounting internal controls and audits.
• Charges found on an invoice must be approved by the responsible management personnel.
• Invoices generally outline payment terms, unit costs, shipping, handling, and any other terms outlined during the transaction.

The Basics of an Invoice

An invoice must state it is an invoice on the face of the bill. It typically has a unique identifier called the invoice number, which is useful for internal and external reference. An invoice typically contains contact information for the seller or service provider in case there is an error relating to the billing.

Terms

Payment terms may be outlined on the invoice, as well as the information relating to any discounts, early payment details or finance charges assessed for late payments. It also presents the unit cost of an item, total units purchased, freight, handling, shipping, and associated tax charges, and it outlines the full amount owed.

Timing and Printing

Companies may opt to send a month-end statement as the invoice for all outstanding transactions. If this is the case, the statement must indicate that no subsequent invoices will be sent. Historically, invoices have been recorded on paper, often with multiple copies generated, so the buyer and seller each have a transaction record.

Currently, computer-generated invoices are quite common. They can be printed on demand or sent by email to each party. Electronic records also allow you to search and sort transactions easier by number, date, goods, or client.

Pro Forma

A pro forma invoice is a preliminary bill of sale sent to buyers in advance of a shipment or delivery of goods. The invoice will typically describe the purchased items and other important information, such as the shipping weight and transport charges. Pro forma invoices often come into play with international transactions, especially for customs purposes on imports.

A pro-forma invoice is a binding agreement, although the terms of sale are subject to change.

Invoice Date

The invoice date represents the time-stamped time and date on which the goods have been billed and the transaction officially recorded. Therefore, the invoice date has essential payment information, as it dictates the bill's credit duration and due date. This is especially crucial for entities offering credit, such as net 30, which means payment is due in 30 days.

Likewise, companies that offer customers the option to return items typically have a deadline based on a specific number of days from proof of purchase, as indicated on the invoice.

E-Invoicing

Since the advent of the computer era, people and businesses have found it easier to rely on electronic invoicing as an alternative to paper documents. Electronic invoicing, or e-invoicing, is a form of electronic billing that generates, stores, and monitors transaction-related documents between parties and ensures the terms of their agreements are fulfilled.

These e-documents may include invoices and receipts, purchase orders, debit and credit notes, payment terms and instructions, and remittance slips. Digital invoices are typically sent via email, web page, or app. Advantages include the following:

• Permanence and resistance to physical damage
• Ease of searching and sorting for specific names, terms, or dates
• Increased ability to audit
• The ability to print or reproduce on demand
• The capacity for data collection and business intelligence
• Reduction of paper use

E-invoicing includes several technologies and entry options and is used as a general term to describe any method by which an invoice is electronically presented to a customer for payment. Several e-invoicing standards, such as EDIFACT and UBL, have been developed around to world to facilitate adoption and efficiency.

Invoices and Accounts Payable

Invoices track the sale of a product for inventory control, accounting, and tax purposes, which help track accounts payable and similar obligations due. Many companies ship the product and expect payment later, so the total amount due becomes an account payable for the buyer and an account receivable for the seller.

Modern-day invoices are transmitted electronically rather than paper-based. If an invoice is lost, the buyer may request a copy from the seller. The use of an invoice represents the presence of credit, as the seller has sent a product or provided a service without receiving cash upfront.

Invoices differ from purchase orders, created before a customer orders a good or service.

Invoices and Internal Controls

Invoices are a critical element of accounting internal controls. Charges on an invoice must be approved by the responsible management personnel. Alternatively, an invoice is matched to a purchase order, and upon reconciling the information, payment is made for approved transactions. An auditing firm ensures invoices are entered into the appropriate accounting period when testing for expense cutoff.

Is an Invoice a Bill or Receipt?

An invoice is generally used to document products or services sold and delivered to a customer, so it is a bill. A receipt is a document that shows payment was received.

Does an Invoice Mean You've Been Paid?

An invoice generally serves as a notification that payment is owed.

What Is an Invoice Used for?

Besides notifying a customer that payment is due, it also serves as a paper trail for accounting purposes.

The Bottom Line

An invoice is a document used to notify a customer that payment is due. It also serves as a record for the issuing business so that it can track its receivables. In the past, invoices were only issued on paper due to the limitations of technology. More recently, electronic invoices become popular because they save time and money and can be generated and sent automatically.

1. USAID. “Blockchain for Trade: Select Case Studies and Lessons Learned,” Page 30.

1. Accounting Explained With Brief History and Modern Job Requirements
2. Accounting Equation
3. Asset
4. Liability
5. Equity
6. Revenue
7. Expense
8. Current and Noncurrent Assets

Accounting Theories and Concepts

1. Accounting Theory
2. Accounting Principles
3. Accounting Standard
4. Accounting Convention
5. Accounting Policies
6. Principles-Based vs. Rules-Based Accounting

Accounting Methods: Accrual vs. Cash

1. Accounting Method
2. Accrual Accounting
3. Cash Accounting
4. Accrual Accounting vs. Cash Basis Accounting

Accounting Oversight and Regulations

1. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
2. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
3. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
4. IFRS vs. GAAP
5. US Accounting vs. International Accounting

1. Understanding the Cash Flow Statement
2. Breaking Down The Balance Sheet
3. Understanding the Income Statement

1. Accountant
2. Financial Accounting
3. Financial Accounting and Decision-Making
4. Corporate Finance
5. Financial vs. Managerial Accounting
6. Cost Accounting

Public Accounting: Financial Audit and Taxation

1. Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
2. Chartered Accountant (CA)
3. Accountant vs. Financial Planner
4. Auditor
5. Audit
6. Tax Accounting
7. Forensic Accounting

Accounting Systems and Record Keeping

1. Chart of Accounts (COA)
2. Journal
3. Double Entry
4. Debit
5. Credit
6. Closing Entry
7. Invoice

Accounting for Inventory

1. Inventory Accounting
2. Last In, First Out (LIFO)
3. First In, First Out (FIFO)
4. Average Cost Method

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A fiscal year (FY) is a 52- or 53-week period that a company or government uses for budgeting and accounting purposes and as a schedule for its financial statements.

Financial accounting is the process of recording, summarizing, and reporting the myriad of a company’s transactions to provide an accurate picture of its financial position.

Double entry is an accounting term stating that every financial transaction has equal and opposite effects in at least two different accounts.

Activity cost drivers give a more accurate determination of the true cost of business activity by considering the indirect expenses.

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